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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter March 15, 2022

Exposure to magnetic fields and childhood leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies

  • Christian Brabant EMAIL logo , Anton Geerinck , Charlotte Beaudart , Ezio Tirelli , Christophe Geuzaine and Olivier Bruyère
From the journal Reviews on Environmental Health
https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0112

Abstract

The association between childhood leukemia and extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) generated by power lines and various electric appliances has been studied extensively during the past 40 years. However, the conditions under which ELF-MF represent a risk factor for leukemia are still unclear. Therefore, we have performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the relation between ELF-MF from several sources and childhood leukemia. We have systematically searched Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Review and DARE to identify each article that has examined the relationship between ELF-MF and childhood leukemia. We have performed a global meta-analysis that takes into account the different measures used to assess magnetic field exposure: magnetic flux density measurements (<0.2 µT vs. >0.2 µT), distances between the child’s home and power lines (>200 m vs. <200 m) and wire codings (low current configuration vs. high current configuration). Moreover, meta-analyses either based on magnetic flux densities, on proximity to power lines or on wire codings have been performed. The association between electric appliances and childhood leukemia has also been examined. Of the 863 references identified, 38 studies have been included in our systematic review. Our global meta-analysis indicated an association between childhood leukemia and ELF-MF (21 studies, pooled OR=1.26; 95% CI 1.06–1.49), an association mainly explained by the studies conducted before 2000 (earlier studies: pooled OR=1.51; 95% CI 1.26–1.80 vs. later studies: pooled OR=1.04; 95% CI 0.84–1.29). Our meta-analyses based only on magnetic field measurements indicated that the magnetic flux density threshold associated with childhood leukemia is higher than 0.4 µT (12 studies, >0.4 µT: pooled OR=1.37; 95% CI 1.05–1.80; acute lymphoblastic leukemia alone: seven studies, >0.4 µT: pooled OR=1.88; 95% CI 1.31–2.70). Lower magnetic fields were not associated with leukemia (12 studies, 0.1–0.2 µT: pooled OR=1.04; 95% CI 0.88–1.24; 0.2–0.4 µT: pooled OR=1.07; 95% CI 0.87–1.30). Our meta-analyses based only on distances (five studies) showed that the pooled ORs for living within 50 m and 200 m of power lines were 1.11 (95% CI 0.81–1.52) and 0.98 (95% CI 0.85–1.12), respectively. The pooled OR for living within 50 m of power lines and acute lymphoblastic leukemia analyzed separately was 1.44 (95% CI 0.72–2.88). Our meta-analyses based only on wire codings (five studies) indicated that the pooled OR for the very high current configuration (VHCC) was 1.23 (95% CI 0.72–2.10). Finally, the risk of childhood leukemia was increased after exposure to electric blankets (four studies, pooled OR=2.75; 95% CI 1.71–4.42) and, to a lesser extent, electric clocks (four studies, pooled OR=1.27; 95% CI 1.01–1.60). Our results suggest that ELF-MF higher than 0.4 µT can increase the risk of developing leukemia in children, probably acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Prolonged exposure to electric appliances that generate magnetic fields higher than 0.4 µT like electric blankets is associated with a greater risk of childhood leukemia.

Keywords: cancer; childhood leukemia; electromagnetic fields; magnetic fields; power lines
Corresponding author: Christian Brabant, WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculo-Skeletal Health and Ageing, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 13/B-23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Place des Orateurs, 2/B-32, Liège, Belgium, Phone: +32 43 66 25 81, Fax: +32 43 66 28 12, E-mail:

Funding source: University of Liège

  1. Research funding: The present work was supported by a grant obtained by the University of Liège from the Belgian BioElectroMagnetics Group (BBEMG). The funding organization played no role in the study design, in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report or in the decision to submit the report for publication.

  2. Author contributions: Each author has consented to their names upon the article and has made a significant contribution to this article. Professor Olivier Bruyère, Dr Christian Brabant and Dr Charlotte Beaudart have designed the study. Dr Christian Brabant and Anton Geerinck have collected the data. Dr Christian Brabant and Dr Charlotte Beaudart have performed the statistical analysis. All authors have interpreted the data, wrote and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors have approved the final version to be published. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

  3. Competing interests: This work was supported by a grant obtained by the University of Liège from the Belgian BioElectroMagnetics Group (BBEMG).

  4. Ethical approval: Not applicable. No ethical approval was required as this was a systematic review and did not use primary data.

  5. Informed consent: Not applicable, as this work was a systematic review and did not use primary data.

  6. Data availability: Data are available from Dr Christian Brabant () with a reasonable request.

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Supplementary Material

The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0112).

Received: 2021-08-27
Accepted: 2022-02-13
Published Online: 2022-03-15
Published in Print: 2023-06-27

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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Reviews on Environmental Health
Volume 38 Issue 2
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