Skip to main content

Cryptocurrency: Is it the Future of Payments?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Cybersecurity for Smart Cities

Abstract

Cryptocurrency, which is built using blockchain technology, is one of the newest methods of doing secure transactions without a central authority. Due to the unregulated means in which cryptocurrency is transferred, it becomes incredibly hard to ensure the fairness and legitimacy of the transactions. This is to further explore the history, process, problems, competition, advantages, and the current future of cryptocurrency. Finally, the team built its cryptocurrency and blockchain similar in functionality to Bitcoin, which is currently the most popular cryptocurrency by sheer market capitalization of over $898 Billion. This allows people to track the flow of cryptocurrency in all its flaws, and its potential succession of other currencies. This chapter explore different aspects of the cryptocurrency which is a vital aspect of futuristic cyber smart cities. This chapter will serve as a reference for cyber smart city developers and other relevant stakeholders in designing futuristic cities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Nakamoto S (2009) Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system, May 2009

    Google Scholar 

  2. Rauchs M, Hileman G (2017) Global cryptocurrency benchmarking study. Number 201704-gcbs in Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance Reports. Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  3. Yermack D (2013) Is bitcoin a real currency? An economic appraisal. Working Paper 19747, National Bureau of Economic Research, Dec 2013

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ahmed M, Akhter A, Rashid A, Fahmideh M, Pathan A-S, Anwar A (2022) Blockchain meets secured microservice architecture: a trustworthy consensus algorithm. In: Proceedings of the 19th international conference on wireless networks and mobile systems—WINSYS. INSTICC, SciTePress, pp 53–60

    Google Scholar 

  5. McMillan R (2014) The inside story of Mt Gox, Bitcoin’s \$460 Million Disaster. https://www.wired.com/2014/03/bitcoin-exchange/

  6. Fargo S (2015) Bitcoin.com. https://news.bitcoin.com/

  7. Vásquez J, Voia M, Balutel D, Henry C (2021) Bitcoin adoption and beliefs in Canada. https://www.bankofcanada.ca/2021/11/staff-working-paper-2021-60/

  8. Chan S, Chu J, Nadarajah S, Osterrieder J (2017) A statistical analysis of cryptocurrencies. J Risk Financ Manag 10(2)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Huang DY, Aliapoulios MM, Li VG, Invernizzi L, Bursztein E, McRoberts K, Levin J, Levchenko K, Snoeren AC, McCoy D (2018) Tracking ransomware end-to-end. In: Proceedings—2018 IEEE symposium on security and privacy, SP 2018. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, July 2018, pp 618–631

    Google Scholar 

  10. Wood J (2022) Crypto Ponzi schemes: how to identify and protect yourself from these scams. https://www.coindesk.com/learn/crypto-ponzi-schemes-how-to-identify-and-protect-yourself-from-these-scams/

  11. Wright J, Anise O (2018) Don’t@ me: hunting twitter bots at scale. Blackhat USA

    Google Scholar 

  12. Phillips R, Wilder H (2020) Tracing cryptocurrency scams: clustering replicated advance-fee and phishing websites. In: 2020 IEEE international conference on blockchain and cryptocurrency (ICBC), pp 1–8 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Chauhan A, Malviya OP, Verma M, Mor TS (2018) Blockchain and scalability. In: 2018 IEEE international conference on software quality, reliability and security companion (QRS-C), pp 122–128

    Google Scholar 

  14. Musk E (2021) You can now buy a Tesla with bitcoin. https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1374617643446063105?

  15. O’Neill C, Huang J, Tabuchi H (2021) Bitcoin uses more electricity than many countries. How is that possible? https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/09/03/climate/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html

  16. Schinckus C, Nguyen CP, Chong FHL (2020) Crypto-currencies trading and energy consumption. Int J Energy Econ Polic 10(3):355–364

    Google Scholar 

  17. Greenberg P, Bugden D (2019) Energy consumption boomtowns in the united states: community responses to a cryptocurrency boom. Energy Res Soc Sci 50:162–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Farell R (2015) An analysis of the cryptocurrency industry

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gandal N, Halaburda H (2014) Competition in the cryptocurrency market. Technical report

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zhao W, Yang S, Luo X, Zhou J (2021) On peercoin proof of stake for blockchain consensus. In: 2021 The 3rd International Conference on Blockchain Technology, pp 129–134

    Google Scholar 

  21. Rauchs M, Hileman G (2017) Global cryptocurrency benchmarking study. Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance. Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  22. Narayanan A, Bonneau J, Felten E, Miller A, Goldfeder S (2016) Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies: a comprehensive introduction. Princeton University Press

    Google Scholar 

  23. Back A (2003) Hashcash—amortizable publicly auditable cost-functions, Dec 2003

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hanke S, Hanlon N, Chakravarthi M (2021) Bukele’s bitcoin blunder. Studies in applied economics, vol 185. The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise, June 2021

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mukhopadhyay U, Skjellum A, Hambolu O, Oakley J, Yu L, Brooks R (2016) A brief survey of cryptocurrency systems. In: 2016 14th annual conference on privacy, security and trust (PST), pp 745–752

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nadal S, King S (2012) Ppcoin: peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake

    Google Scholar 

  27. Miller A, Juels A, Shi E, Parno B, Katz J (2014) Permacoin: repurposing bitcoin work for data preservation. In: 2014 IEEE symposium on security and privacy, pp 475–490

    Google Scholar 

  28. Buterin V (2014) Proof of stake: how i learned to love weak subjectivity. https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/11/25/proof-stake-learned-love-weak-subjectivity

  29. Nguyen CT, Hoang DT, Nguyen DN, Niyato D, Nguyen HT, Dutkiewicz E (2019) Proof-of-stake consensus mechanisms for future blockchain networks: fundamentals, applications and opportunities. IEEE Access 7:85727–85745

    Google Scholar 

  30. Back A (2002) Hashcash-amortizable publicly auditable cost functions. Available http://www.hashcash.org/papers/amortizable.pdf

  31. Merkle RC (1988) A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function. In: Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO’87: Proceedings, vol 7. Springer, pp 369–378

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nazim Choudhury .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mineau, Z., Hoffman, D., Lor, J., Choudhury, N. (2023). Cryptocurrency: Is it the Future of Payments?. In: Ahmed, M., Haskell-Dowland, P. (eds) Cybersecurity for Smart Cities. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24946-4_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics