Abstract
Background
Several recent studies across the field of medicine have indicated gender disparity in the reception of prestigious awards and research grants, placing women in medicine at a distinct disadvantage. Gender disparity has been observed in neurology, critical care medicine and within various professional societies. In this study, we have examined the longitudinal trends of gender parity in awards and grants within the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS).
Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted of all available data longitudinally from 2004, when NCS first granted awards through 2019. We used self-identified gender in the membership roster to record gender for each individual. For individuals without recorded gender, we used a previously validated double verification method using a systematic web-based search. We collected data on six awards distributed by the NCS and divided these awards into two main categories: (1) scientific category: (a) Christine Wijman Young Investigator Award; (b) Best Scientific Abstract Award; (c) Fellowship Grant; (d) INCLINE Grant; and (2) non-scientific category: (a) Travel Grant; and (b) Presidential Citation. Available data were analyzed to evaluate longitudinal trends in awards using descriptive statistics and simple or multiple linear regression analyses, as appropriate.
Results
A total of 445 awards were granted between the years 2004 and 2019. Thirty-six awards were in the scientific category, while 409 awards were in the non-scientific category. Only 8% of women received NCS awards in the scientific awards category, whereas 44% of women received an award in the non-scientific category. Most notable in the scientific category are the Best Scientific Abstract Award and the Fellowship Grant, in which no woman has ever received an award to date, compared to 18 men between both awards. In contrast, women are well represented in the non-scientific awards category with an average of 5% increase per year in the number of women awardees.
Conclusions
Our data reveal gender disparity, mainly for scientific or research awards. Prompt evaluation of the cause and further actions to address gender disparity in NCS grants and recognition awards is needed to establish gender equity in this area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lincoln AE, Pincus SH, Leboy PS. Scholars’ awards go mainly to men. Nature. 2011;469:472.
Morgan AU, Chaiyachati KH, Weissman GE, Liao JM. Eliminating gender-based bias in academic medicine: more than naming the “elephant in the room”. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33:966–8.
Bosco L, Lorello GR, Flexman AM, Hastie MJ. Women in anaesthesia: a scoping review. Br J Anaesth. 2020;124:e134–47.
Pololi LH, Civian JT, Brennan RT, Dottolo AL, Krupat E. Experiencing the culture of academic medicine: gender matters, a national study. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28:201–7.
Svarstad BL, Draugalis JR, Meyer SM, Mount JK. The status of women in pharmacy education: persisting gaps and issues. Am J Pharm Educ. 2004; 68(1–5):NNN1.
Lautenberger DM, Dandar VM, Raezer CL. The state of women in academic medicine: the pipeline and pathways to leadership, 2013–2014. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2014.
Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada. Canadian medical education statistics; 2015. https://www.afmc.ca/sites/default/files/CMES2015-Section2-Enrolment.pdf. Accessed 30 Jun 2016.
Schommer JC, Pedersen CA, Gaither CA, Doucette WR, Kreling DH, Mott DA. Pharmacists’ desired and actual times in work activities: evidence of gaps from the 2004 National Pharmacist Workforce Study. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2003;2006(46):340–7.
Young S, Lemessurier J, Mathews M. The feminization of the Canadian pharmacy workforce: a gender analysis of graduates from a Canadian school of pharmacy. Can Pharm J (Ott). 2012;145(186–190):e182.
Hawthorne N, Anderson C. The global pharmacy workforce: a systematic review of the literature. Hum Resour Health. 2009;7:48.
Williams JC. The glass ceiling and the maternal wall in academia. New Dir High Educ. 2005;2005(130):91–105.
Brown JVE, Crampton PES, Finn GM, Morgan JE. From the sticky floor to the glass ceiling and everything in between: protocol for a systematic review of barriers and facilitators to clinical academic careers and interventions to address these, with a focus on gender inequality. Syst Rev. 2020;9:26.
Burns KEA, Straus SE, Liu K, Rizvi L, Guyatt G. Gender differences in grant and personnel award funding rates at the Canadian Institutes of Health Research based on research content area: a retrospective analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16:e1002935.
Witteman HO, Hendricks M, Straus S, Tannenbaum C. Gender bias in CIHR Foundation grant awarding. Lancet. 2019;394:e41–2.
Paulus JK, Switkowski KM, Allison GM, et al. Where is the leak in the pipeline? Investigating gender differences in academic promotion at an academic medical centre. Perspect Med Educ. 2016;5:125–8.
Lerch-Pieper N, Brander S, Valarino I, Zurbriggen C, Maurer E, Herr W, Müller F et al. Challenging the “leaky pipeline” in faculties of medicine. 2018.
Butkus R, Serchen J, Moyer DV, Bornstein SS, Hingle ST. Achieving gender equity in physician compensation and career advancement: a position paper of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168:721–3.
Silver JK, Bank AM, Slocum CS, et al. Women physicians underrepresented in American Academy of Neurology recognition awards. Neurology. 2018;91:e603–14.
Zimmerman JJ, Bailey H. Moving toward gender equity in critical care medicine. Crit Care Med. 2019;47:615–7.
Leigh JP, Grood C, Ahmed SB, et al. Toward gender equity in critical care medicine: a qualitative study of perceived drivers, implications, and strategies. Crit Care Med. 2019;47:e286–91.
Mehta S, Burns KEA, Machado FR, et al. Gender parity in critical care medicine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196:425–9.
Silver JK, Slocum CS, Bank AM, et al. Where are the women? The underrepresentation of women physicians among recognition award recipients from medical specialty societies. PM R. 2017;9:804–15.
Lorello GR, Flexman AM. 75 years of leadership in the Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society: a gender analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2019;66:843–4.
Silver JK, Bhatnagar S, Blauwet CA, et al. Female physicians are underrepresented in recognition awards from the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. PM R. 2017;9:976–84.
Draugalis JR, Plaza CM, Taylor DA, Meyer SM. The status of women in US academic pharmacy. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014;78:178.
Holmes MA. Gender bias influence awards given by societies? Eos. 2011;92:421–2.
Holmes MA, Asher P, Farrington J, Fine R, Leinen MS, LeBoy P. Does gender bias influence awards given by societies? Eos Trans Am Geophys Union. 2011;92(47):421–2.
Kouta C, Kaite CP. Gender discrimination and nursing: a literature review. J Prof Nurs. 2011;27:59–63.
Castner J. Healthy environments for women in academic nursing: addressing sexual harassment and gender discrimination. OJIN. 2019; 24(1).
Hasan TF, Turnbull MT, Vatz KA, Robinson MT, Mauricio EA, Freeman WD. Burnout and attrition: expanding the gender gap in neurology? Neurology. 2019;93(23):1002–8.
Smith DG. Building institutional capacity for diversity and inclusion in academic medicine. Acad Med. 2012;87:1511–5.
Thomson CC, Riekert KA, Bates CK, et al. Addressing gender inequality in our disciplines: report from the association of pulmonary, critical care, and sleep division chiefs. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15:1382–90.
Laver KE, Prichard IJ, Cations M, Osenk I, Govin K, Coveney JD. A systematic review of interventions to support the careers of women in academic medicine and other disciplines. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e020380.
Sambunjak D, Straus SE, Marusic A. Mentoring in academic medicine: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;296:1103–15.
Lincoln AE, Pincus S, Koster JB, Leboy PS. The matilda effect in science: awards and prizes in the US, 1990s and 2000s. Soc Stud Sci. 2012;42:307–20.
Woolston C. US National Academy pushes to make grants contingent on gender equity. Nature. 2020;580:296.
Hechtman LA, Moore NP, Schulkey CE, et al. NIH funding longevity by gender. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:7943–8.
Jackson SM, Hillard AL, Schneider TR. Using implicit bias training to improve attitudes toward women in STEM. Soc Psychol Educ. 2014;17:419–38.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the NCS Leadership and Executive Office, especially Ms. Sharon Allen, Allie Mandel, Tissy Greene, and Dovile Svirupskaite for their support of this work, as well as the WINCC section for their support and endorsement of this project.
Funding
No grant support was received from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the conception, data collection and critical revision of the manuscript. SM performed the statistical analysis.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval/Informed Consent
An Institutional Review Board waiver was granted by Rush University as the study did not meet the definition of human subjects research.
Conflicts of interest
All authors have declared that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mainali, S., Moheet, A.M., McCredie, V.A. et al. The Neurocritical Care Society Gender Parity Analysis in Grants and Recognition Awards. Neurocrit Care 35, 358–366 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-020-01164-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-020-01164-2