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Early Childhood Risk and Protective Factors Predicting Resilience against Adolescent Substance Use

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Abstract

We examined associations between early childhood (first 3 years of life) risk and protective factors and resilience against adolescent substance use in a prospective sample of alcoholic and non-alcoholic families. We defined resilience as low or no substance use in the context of adversity (having a father with alcohol problems). The sample included 227 families recruited from birth records when children were 12 months old and followed longitudinally to 15–17 years of child ages (n = 182). Adolescents were grouped into 4 categories: non-challenged (non-alcoholic parent, no adolescent substance use, n = 50), troubled (non-alcoholic parent, adolescent substance use, n = 30), resilient (alcoholic parent, no adolescent substance use, n = 36), and vulnerable (alcoholic parent and adolescent substance use, n = 66). Multivariate analyses were used to examine group differences (resilient vs. vulnerable; non-challenged vs. troubled) in child and parent characteristics and family relationships domains. Children in the troubled group compared to non-challenged had lower effortful control and emotion regulation, and those in the resilient group were more unadaptable or reactive to novelty compared to the vulnerable group. Parents of resilient compared to vulnerable children reported significantly lower alcohol symptoms and more partner aggression. Finally, fathers of resilient compared to vulnerable children were less aggravated with them in early childhood. Results highlight the importance of continuous measures of alcohol problems, early childhood functioning, and family characteristics for associations with adolescent risk and resilience. Passive gene-environment correlations may account for associations between parent alcohol problem severity and adolescent substance use.

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Funding

This research was supported by Award 2012-W9-BX-0001, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice, and by the National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse of the National Institutes of Health R01 AA010042 and R21AA021617.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, State College, PA, 16801, USA

    Rina D. Eiden

  2. Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Rochester Institute of Technology, 18 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA

    Stephanie A. Godleski

  3. Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 204 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA

    Craig R. Colder & Meghan Casey Leising

  4. School of Nursing, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 301A Wende Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA

    Jennifer A. Livingston

  5. Clinical & Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York,1021 Main St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA

    Kenneth E. Leonard

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Correspondence to Rina D. Eiden.

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Eiden, R.D., Godleski, S.A., Colder, C.R. et al. Early Childhood Risk and Protective Factors Predicting Resilience against Adolescent Substance Use. ADV RES SCI 1, 107–119 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-020-00007-5

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